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Educational Amendments was the first federal law to prohibit gender discrimination within any educational setting, including physical education. Schools were ordered to provide males and females with the same opportunities to participate in physical activities. This was interpreted as co-educational physical education, although students still could be separated by gender when participating in contact sports such as; wrestling, basketball, and football.

In The Battle for the Black Mind, Dr. Karida Brown explores the struggle to define and control the education of African Americans amid shifting societal attitudes and forms of systemic exclusion. From the perspective of freed slaves seeking empowerment and liberation through education, to the white elites aiming to shape the future of the workforce and consolidate power, The Battle for the Black Mind explores the formation of segregated education systems and the influence of philanthropic organizations, religious institutions, and Black educators themselves.