The Report of the Secretary's Task Force on Black and Minority Health, known as the Heckler Report, published in 1985, the United States has made remarkable strides in public health since 1900 with Americans living longer due to advances in medical technology; yet, Black and African American life expectancy lagged that of Whites and Caucasians by nearly 6 years. In 2020, minority patients continue to face barriers to healthcare. Even more egregious is the higher infant mortality rate for black babies as a group compared to white infants. My wife and I explore what black people specifically tend to face when they visit a doctor. Email:  ctthpodcast@gmail.com

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Sources: For black mothers and babies, prejudice is a stubborn health risk by Catharine Richert www.mprnews.org/story/2019/08/19/for-black-mothers-and-babies-prejudice-is-a-stubborn-health-risk

Implicit Bias and Racial Disparities in Health Care by Khiara M. Bridges www.americanbar.org/groups/crsj/publications/human_rights_magazine_home/the-state-of-healthcare-in-the-united-states/racial-disparities-in-health-care/

Racism and discrimination in health care: Providers and patients POSTED JANUARY 16, 2017, 9:30 AM Monique Tello, MD, MPHMonique Tello, MD, MPH Contributor www.health.harvard.edu/blog/racism-discrimination-health-care-providers-patients-2017011611015

The Dilemma of the Black Patient Dec 5, 2019 By YOLONDA Y. WILSON, PhD thehealthcareblog.com/blog/2019/12/05/the-dilemma-of-the-black-patient/ Medical Examiner: Woman Died of Blood Clot to Lungs  - Updated By: Kevin Clark www.wctv.tv/home/headlines/Woman-Dies-Shortly-after-Being-Arrested-in-Blountstown-363282091.html

I’m a black physician. I understand when patients say they don’t trust medicine | Opinion Updated: July 14, 2019 - 8:00 AM Armen Henderson, for the Inquirer www.inquirer.com/opinion/commentary/racism-medicine-health-disparities-patient-trust-20190714.html

Puerto Rico and the United States, 1917-1933 By Truman R. Clark · 1975 www.google.com/books/edition/_/tDZtGZoFSGYC?hl=en&gbpv=0

Black patients, black physicians and the need to improve health outcomes for African Americans - By Erika Stallings www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/black-patients-black-physicians-need-improve-health-outcomes-african-americans-n1000696

American Journal of Public Health. The Myth of Innate Racial Differences Between White and Black People’s Bodies: Lessons From the 1793 Yellow Fever Epidemic in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania by Rana Asali Hogarth, PhD. The American Journal of Public He