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The chapter covers vancomycin, a glycopeptide antibiotic used for treating serious infections like MRSA. It works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. Vancomycin is typically administered via IV for systemic infections and orally for C-diff. Key concerns include nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, and "red man syndrome," which occurs with rapid infusion. Monitoring of renal function and trough levels is crucial.

1. What is vancomycin primarily used to treat?
   a) Viral infections
   b) MRSA
   c) Fungal infections
   d) Diabetes
2. How does vancomycin work?
   a) Disrupts protein synthesis
   b) Inhibits cell wall synthesis
   c) Increases glucose uptake
   d) Enhances DNA replication
3. What condition can occur if vancomycin is infused too quickly?
   a) Hair loss
   b) Red man syndrome
   c) Weight gain
   d) Increased appetite
4. How is vancomycin administered for systemic infections?
   a) Orally
   b) Topically
   c) Intravenously
   d) Subcutaneously
5. Which function should be closely monitored during vancomycin therapy?
   a) Cardiac function
   b) Renal function
   c) Respiratory function
   d) Blood glucose levels

1. b) MRSA
2. b) Inhibits cell wall synthesis
3. b) Red man syndrome
4. c) Intravenously
5. b) Renal function

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Chapter 3.19 discusses antitubercular medications used to treat tuberculosis (TB), which primarily affects the lungs. These drugs work by inhibiting mycobacterial growth or disrupting RNA synthesis, requiring long-term treatment (6 months to 2 years). Key considerations include monitoring liver function, avoiding alcohol, and ensuring patient adherence to therapy. Common medications include isoniazid and rifampin.

1. How do antitubercular medications primarily work?
   a) Inhibiting protein synthesis
   b) Inhibiting mycobacterial growth
   c) Enhancing DNA replication
   d) Blocking cell wall formation
2. How long does antitubercular therapy usually last?
   a) 1 month
   b) 3 months
   c) 6 months to 2 years
   d) 1 week
3. Which organ's function should be closely monitored during antitubercular therapy?
   a) Heart
   b) Liver
   c) Kidney
   d) Lungs
4. Which substance should patients avoid during antitubercular treatment?
   a) Caffeine
   b) Alcohol
   c) Dairy
   d) Citrus fruits
5. What is a commonly used antitubercular medication?
   a) Penicillin
   b) Isoniazid
   c) Acyclovir
   d) Metronidazole

1. b) Inhibiting mycobacterial growth
2. c) 6 months to 2 years
3. b) Liver
4. b) Alcohol
5. b) Isoniazid

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Chapter 3.18 covers antihelmintics, medications used to treat parasitic worm infections such as roundworms and flatworms. These drugs work by preventing glucose uptake or blocking neuronal transmission, leading to parasite paralysis and death. Prolonged use may cause liver damage and bone marrow suppression. Patient education should include proper hygiene practices to prevent reinfection.

1. What is the primary use of anthelmintic medications?
   a) Treat bacterial infections
   b) Treat worm infections
   c) Treat fungal infections
   d) Treat viral infections
2. How do many anthelmintics work?
   a) Enhance protein synthesis
   b) Prevent glucose uptake
   c) Promote cell division
   d) Inhibit RNA synthesis
3. Which side effect is associated with prolonged anthelmintic therapy?
   a) Hair growth
   b) Bone marrow suppression
   c) Increased appetite
   d) Weight gain
4. Which practice helps prevent reinfection with worms?
   a) Eating more fiber
   b) Rigorous handwashing
   c) Drinking milk
   d) Using antacids
5. What type of organism do anthelmintics target?
   a) Bacteria
   b) Viruses
   c) Helminths
   d) Fungi

1. b) Treat worm infections
2. b) Prevent glucose uptake
3. b) Bone marrow suppression
4. b) Rigorous handwashing
5. c) Helminths

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Chapter 3.17 discusses antiprotozoals, medications used to treat protozoan infections such as Giardia. An example is metronidazole, which disrupts protozoal folic acid synthesis. It can be administered orally, topically, or intravenously. Side effects may include seizures, peripheral neuropathies, and dizziness. Patients should avoid alcohol during treatment and be aware that the medication can cause darkened urine.

1. What is a common antiprotozoal medication?
   a) Penicillin
   b) Metronidazole
   c) Acyclovir
   d) Fluconazole
2. How does metronidazole work?
   a) Enhances protein synthesis
   b) Inhibits folic acid synthesis
   c) Blocks DNA replication
   d) Prevents cell wall formation
3. What side effect should patients monitor while taking antiprotozoals?
   a) Hair loss
   b) Seizures
   c) Increased appetite
   d) Weight gain
4. What should patients avoid while taking antiprotozoals?
   a) Dairy products
   b) Alcohol
   c) Exercise
   d) Salty foods
5. What symptom might indicate a protozoal infection?
   a) Dry skin
   b) Diarrhea
   c) Hair growth
   d) Weight gain

1. b) Metronidazole
2. b) Inhibits folic acid synthesis
3. b) Seizures
4. b) Alcohol
5. b) Diarrhea

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Chapter 3.16 covers antimalarials, drugs used to prevent and treat malaria, such as chloroquine. They act by disrupting the lifecycle of the malaria parasite. Side effects may include GI upset, vision changes, and hearing loss. Monitoring is necessary, especially for renal function, and patients should take the medication with food and adhere to prescribed regimens.

1. What is the primary use of antimalarials?
   a) Treating bacterial infections
   b) Treating malaria
   c) Treating viral infections
   d) Treating fungal infections
2. Which side effect is associated with antimalarials?
   a) Hair growth
   b) Vision changes
   c) Increased appetite
   d) Weight gain
3. How should antimalarials be taken to reduce GI upset?
   a) With milk
   b) With food
   c) On an empty stomach
   d) With water only
4. Patients on antimalarials should avoid:
   a) Alcohol
   b) Exercise
   c) Dairy products
   d) Caffeine
5. How long should patients continue taking antimalarials after leaving a malaria area?
   a) 1 week
   b) 2 weeks
   c) 4 weeks
   d) 6 weeks

1. b) Treating malaria
2. b) Vision changes
3. b) With food
4. a) Alcohol
5. c) 4 weeks

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Chapter 3.15 discusses antifungal medications, which are used to treat fungal infections like athlete's foot, ringworm, and yeast infections. The chapter covers classes such as imidazoles, triazoles, allylamines, and polyenes, highlighting their mechanisms (disrupting cell membrane synthesis) and administration routes. It emphasizes monitoring for side effects like hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and ensuring proper patient education.

1. What is the primary action of antifungals?
   a) Inhibit protein synthesis
   b) Disrupt cell membrane synthesis
   c) Block DNA replication
   d) Enhance cell wall production
2. Which condition is commonly treated with antifungals?
   a) Hypertension
   b) Ringworm
   c) Diabetes
   d) Asthma
3. Which antifungal class is associated with nephrotoxicity?
   a) Imidazoles
   b) Polyenes
   c) Allylamines
   d) Triazoles
4. What should patients monitor while taking antifungals?
   a) Increased appetite
   b) Blood sugar levels
   c) Skin rash
   d) Increased heart rate
5. How should patients take antifungal medication for maximum effectiveness?
   a) With milk
   b) On an empty stomach
   c) According to prescribed dosage and duration
   d) Only when symptoms are severe

1. b) Disrupt cell membrane synthesis
2. b) Ringworm
3. b) Polyenes
4. c) Skin rash
5. c) According to prescribed dosage and duration

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Chapter 3.14 discusses antivirals, a medication class used to treat viral infections. It covers subclasses like antiherpes (e.g., acyclovir), antiinfluenza (e.g., oseltamivir), anti-hepatitis, and antiretrovirals (e.g., HIV treatment). These drugs inhibit viral replication at different stages, requiring timely administration. Important considerations include monitoring renal function, medication compliance, and potential side effects like fatigue.

1. Which is a common use for acyclovir?
   a) Bacterial infections
   b) Genital herpes
   c) Fungal infections
   d) Hypertension
2. How does oseltamivir work?
   a) Prevents protein synthesis
   b) Blocks virus release
   c) Inhibits cell wall synthesis
   d) Enhances DNA replication
3. Which virus is treated with antiretrovirals?
   a) Influenza
   b) HIV
   c) Hepatitis
   d) Herpes
4. What is a critical monitoring aspect for patients on antivirals?
   a) Blood pressure
   b) Renal function
   c) Heart rate
   d) Blood sugar
5. When should oseltamivir be administered for best results?
   a) After 5 days of symptoms
   b) Within 48 hours of symptom onset
   c) Only if fever is present
   d) Anytime during the illness

1. b) Genital herpes
2. b) Blocks virus release
3. b) HIV
4. b) Renal function
5. b) Within 48 hours of symptom onset

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Tetracyclines are broad-spectrum antibiotics that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. They're effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria but have limitations due to side effects like photosensitivity, teeth discoloration, and risks in pregnancy/children under 8. Patients should avoid direct sunlight, dairy, and use alternative birth control.

1. Tetracyclines work by:
   a) Inhibiting DNA synthesis
   b) Inhibiting protein synthesis
   c) Blocking cell wall synthesis
   d) Disrupting RNA transcription
2. A side effect of tetracyclines is:
   a) Weight gain
   b) Teeth discoloration
   c) Hair loss
   d) Increased energy
3. Tetracyclines are contraindicated for:
   a) Elderly patients
   b) Children under 8
   c) Diabetics
   d) Patients with asthma
4. Tetracyclines should not be taken with:
   a) Water
   b) Dairy products
   c) Meat
   d) Vegetables
5. Patients on tetracyclines should:
   a) Avoid sunlight
   b) Increase sugar intake
   c) Exercise more
   d) Consume more salt

1. b) Inhibiting protein synthesis
2. b) Teeth discoloration
3. b) Children under 8
4. b) Dairy products
5. a) Avoid sunlight